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Referencing

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Personal Communications

In-text

According to S. W. Choi (personal communication, August 4, 2021) ...

(S. W. Choi, personal communication, August 4, 2021) ...

Notes

  • Personal communications can include emails, text messages, online chats, personal interviews, phone conversations, memos, letters, and lectures. More examples can be found on the APAstyle website.
  • Personal communications are not included in the reference list as they cannot be accessed or found by others. Cite them in the text only.

Indigenous knowings

Notes

In-text

(Surname, Nation/Country/Language Group, personal communication, Month Day, Year)

(Faulkhead, Koorie, personal communication, June 14, 2023)

Or

Surname, (Nation/Country/Language Group), (personal communication, Month Day, Year)

As shared by Faulkhead (Koorie), (personal communication, June 14, 2023)...