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Referencing

Need help with referencing styles? Start with this helpful guide.

Online drug guides

Reference list

Drug name. (Year). In Title of the Resource. https://xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Methotrexsate. (2018). In MIMS Online. https://www.mimsonline.com.au/Search/Search.aspx

Diazepam. (2018). In Australian Medicines Handbook. https://amhonline.amh.net.au/

In-text

(Diazepam, 2018) or Diazepam (2018)

Notes

  • Copy and paste the complete url to avoid transcription errors.
  • If the url is very long, a functioning, shortened link can be used.
  • The date is the last update for the drug always found either at the top or bottom of the information.

UpToDate

Reference list

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of the entry. UpToDate. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Gaieski, D. F., & Mikkelsen, M. E. (2018). Definition, classification, etiology, and pathophysiology of shock in adults. UpToDate. Retrieved November 19, 2019, from https://www-uptodate-com./contents/definition-classification-etiology-and-pathophysiology-of-shock-in-adults

In-text

(Gaieski & Mikkelsen, 2018) or Gaieski and Mikkelsen (2018, para 5) “shock is the…”

Notes

  • The authors of the entry are the authors to cite.
  • Use the name of the deputy editor/s listed with the entry.
  • Provide a retrieval date as the information is changed and updated frequently.
  • Copy and paste the complete url to avoid transcription errors.
  • If the url is very long, a functioning, shortened link can be used.
  • Include paragraph numbers (para.) within in-text citations for direct quotes. When paraphrasing, paragraph numbers are recommended but not required.
  • For multiple authors check the author layout table for in-text and reference list format.

Joanna Briggs: Best practice series

Reference list

Joanna Briggs Institute. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Vol(issue), pp-pp. http://xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Joanna Briggs Institute. (2014). Effectiveness and safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy. Best Practice: Evidence-Based Information Sheets for Health Professionals.18(13):1-5. http://bit.ly/2P1qdi8

In-text

(Joanna Briggs Institute, 2014)

Notes

  • The periodical may appear as Best Practice: Evidence-Based Information Sheets for Health Professionals, or it may appear as JBI Database of Best Practice Information Sheets and Technical Reports. Use the name that appears on the sheet you are citing.
  • Include page numbers (or paragraph numbers in the absence of page numbers) within in-text citations for direct quotes. When paraphrasing, page numbers are recommended but not required.
  • Copy and paste the complete url to avoid transcription errors.
  • If the url is very long, a functioning, shortened link can be used.

Joanna Briggs: Evidence summaries

Reference list

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. [Evidence summary]. https://xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jayasekara, R. (2018). Shoulder pain: Nursing assessment and management. [Evidence summary]. http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com

In-text

(Jayasekara, 2018)

Notes

  • For multiple authors check the author layout table for in-text and reference list format.
  • Include page numbers (or paragraph numbers in the absence of page numbers) within in-text citations for direct quotes. When paraphrasing, page numbers are recommended but not required.

Clinical practice guidelines

Reference list

Author. (Year). Title of document (Report number if provided). https://xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. (2020). Clinical practice guidelines: Pregnancy care. https://www.health.gov.au/resources/pregnancy-care-guidelines

In-text

(Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care, 2020) or The Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care (2020) outlines…

Notes

  • Use the government department responsible for the publication or report as the author.
  • Acronyms for long organisational names can be used, if the acronym is added in brackets after first use, e.g. 
    • First citation: (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia [NMBA], 2018)
    • Subsequent citations: (NMBA, 2018).
  • Copy and paste the complete url to avoid transcription errors.
  • If the url is very long, a functioning, shortened link can be used.
  • Include page numbers (or paragraph numbers in the absence of page numbers) within in-text citations for direct quotes. When paraphrasing, page numbers are recommended but not required.
  • For multiple authors check the author layout table for in-text and reference list format.

Standards for practice

Reference list

Author. (Year). Title of document. https://xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2018). Midwife standards for practice. https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards/Midwife-standards-for-practice.aspx

In-text

(Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia [NMBA], 2018)

Notes

  • Acronyms for long organisational names can be used, if the acronym is added in brackets after first use, e.g. 
    • First citation: (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia [NMBA], 2018)
    • Subsequent citations: (NMBA, 2018).
  • Copy and paste the complete url to avoid transcription errors.
  • If the url is very long, a functioning, shortened link can be used.
  • Include page numbers (or paragraph numbers in the absence of page numbers) within in-text citations for direct quotes. When paraphrasing, page numbers are recommended but not required.
  • For multiple authors check the author layout table for in-text and reference list format.

Citing a specific standard within a larger document

Reference list

Author. (Year). Title of document. https://xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2016). Registered nurse standards for practice. https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards/registered-nurse-standards-for-practice.aspx

In-text

(Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia [NMBA], 2016, Standard 4.2)

Notes

  • If citing an individual standard that is part of a larger document, include the specific standard number in the in-text citation. If citing the entire standards document, omit the standard number from the in-text citation.
  • Acronyms for long organisational names can be used, if the acronym is added in brackets after first use, e.g. 
    • First citation: (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia [NMBA], 2016)
    • Subsequent citations: (NMBA, 2016).
  • Copy and paste the complete url to avoid transcription errors.
  • If the url is very long, a functioning, shortened link can be used.
  • Include page numbers (or paragraph numbers in the absence of page numbers) within in-text citations for direct quotes. When paraphrasing, page numbers are recommended but not required.
  • For multiple authors check the author layout table for in-text and reference list format.

Tests, scales, and inventories

Reference list

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., & Author, D. D. (Year). Title of Test (xx ed.). Publisher.

Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., White, T., & Messer, M. A. (2010). Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-2): User's manual (2nd ed.). Psychological Assessment Resources.

In-text

(Folstein et al., 2010) or Folstein et al. (2010)

Notes

  • To cite a test, provide a citation for its supporting literature (e.g. its manuals or the journal article in which it was published). If supporting literature is not available, it is possible to cite the test itself.
  • The title of a test should be capitalised using Title Case.
  • Include page numbers (or paragraph numbers in the absence of page numbers) within in-text citations for direct quotes. When paraphrasing, page numbers are recommended but not required.
  • Check the author layout table for citing multiple authors.

DSM-5

Reference list

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).

Individual chapters (print)

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Chapter title. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). 

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Neurodevelopment disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).

Individual chapters (online)

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Chapter title. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/xxxx

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Neurodevelopment disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.) section__item">https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01

First in-text citation

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) ...

Second in-text citation

The DSM-5 states that.....(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)

Notes

  • Individual parts and chapters of the DSM-5 have their own individual doi.
  • The abbreviated acronym can be used only after the full title has been referred to previously in the text.
  • Because the author and the publisher are the same, "American Psychiatric Association" is written only in the author element.
  • Include page numbers (or paragraph numbers in the absence of page numbers) within in-text citations for direct quotes. When paraphrasing, page numbers are recommended but not required.

StatPearls

Reference list

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (date of publication). Title of the entry. (Bookshelf ID number). National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.xxxxxxxxxxxx

Patterson, R. A., & Stankewicz, H. A. (2023, June 20). Penicillin allergy (Bookshelf ID NBK459320). National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459320/

In-text

(Patterson & Stankewicz, 2023) or Patterson and Stankewicz (2023)

Notes

  • StatPearls information is also available from the StatPearls website (www.statpearls.com). To reference information from this site follow the UpToDate reference format.
  • The Bookshelf ID number is located at the end of the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) record.
  • Include paragraph numbers (para.) within in-text citations for direct quotes. When paraphrasing, paragraph numbers are recommended but not required.
  • For multiple authors check the author layout table for in-text and reference list format.